Electronics Production |
Workers as Machines: Military Management at Foxconn
Taiwan-based EMS-provider Foxconn has been caught—again, one might say—between the devil and the deep blue sea. A new survey and research report accuses Foxconn of illegal and unethical labour practices.
Foxconn Technology Group, a subsidy of the Hon Hai Precision Industries Ltd., is the world’s leading electronics manufacturer. It ranks 112th among Global Fortune 500 Companies. Currently, Foxconn has a workforce of 900'000 workers all over China. The corporation is going to expand the workforce to 1.3 million people by the end of 2011.
Civil society and media zoomed in on Foxconn recently not because of its prodigious workforce or its profits. Rather, it is the seventeen young workers who perished from suicides between January and August 2010 that forced the world to reflect on the plight of frontline workers at Foxconn and other factories.
Profit maximisation is the ultimate corporate principle, under which workers’ dignity and well-being are of no concern. Foxconn is not the only one to be blamed, but it is the most typical factory run by a management methodology that boosts productivity through the degradation of workers into dehumanized machines, so the report from SACOM.
Source: SACOM
Report Findings:
The overall conclusion of the SACOM report is that Foxconn’s labour practices are illegal and unethical. The purchasing practices of brand companies sourcing from Foxconn put direct pressure on workers. SACOM bases its conclusions on desk research and on interviews with 100 Foxconn workers at the Longhua and Guanlan plants in Shenzhen as well as the Foxconn plant in Hangzhou, undertaken between 22 May and 21 September 2010.
Wages
On 1 October, Foxconn declared to put through an increase of the basic wage of assembly line workers in Shenzhen to CNY 2,000 per month. Foxconn stated this would benefit about 85% of its workers. SACOM puts questions marks to this recent declaration. Until this day, Foxconn workers in Shenzhen have not received any formal notification about this development.
Details about the conditions under which workers can benefit from this pay rise, like seniority or type of contract have not been communicated. Moreover, SACOM found that over the past months workers have lost out on subsidies, allowances, and bonuses. Moreover, Foxconn has not spoken about a wage increase for other regions.
Working hours
After the spate of suicides, Foxconn set a limit to the monthly overtime work to 80 hours, still far higher than the legal maximum of 36 hours. Workers interviewed by SACOM mentioned that the newly introduced “overtime control” is resulting in cheating over overtime records, meaning that overtime does take place, but it is not recorded or paid as such.
Foxconn production workers are made to attend morning assemblies, end-of-work-shift assemblies and weekly meetings during which the management lectures them about production quota, work targets and discipline. Workers do not get paid for the time spent in these compulsory meetings that may take one hour a day in total. Time spent in training is not fully paid either. As a result, workers do not earn more than before the June 2010 wage increase.
Management system
SACOM describes how a culture of absolute obedience is imposed on workers from the first day of their recruitment. Workers are punished for all kinds of ‘misconduct’, including not meeting their daily production quota, making mistakes or taking too much time for a bathroom visit.
Disciplinary actions include taking away bonus points, making workers publicly confess their mistakes and scolding and humiliating them in front of gathered colleague workers, making workers copy quotations of CEO Terry Gou, etc.
Foxconn security guards were found to regularly assault workers verbally and physically. Management control extends beyond the workplace to the dormitory; there are strict rules regulating workers’ private life, bordering on the ridiculous. Using a hair dryer, for example, is not permitted. Workers who are found to disobey are made to write confession letters.
Relocation plans
Currently, Foxconn has a huge workforce of over 900'000 workers in China, of whom at least 420'000 in Shenzhen alone. In the aftermath of the suicide drama, Foxconn announced that it would speed up relocating its production to central, western, and northern China, where labour is abundant and official minimum wages are lower than in the coastal areas.
Workers have not been informed about the details of these relocation schemes. Clear is, however, that workers have no choice, they can either move along, or accept dismissal. A serious implication of this move is that the announced wage increase for the Longhua workers in Shenzhen will become irrelevant.
"This is the result of permanent pressure from buyers on their suppliers to produce cheaper" says Chantal Peyer, from the Swiss NGO Bread for All. "A brand like Apple has a very high profit margin on hardware: more than 40%. But it asks suppliers, which have a much lower profit margin of about 4%, to lower production costs. As a result, labour costs are squeezed and workers never get living wages."
Trade unions
In the Longhua production facility, a trade union exists, but according to the interviewed workers it totally lacks credibility. The trade union committee is not democratically elected. The chairperson of the Federation of Foxconn Technology Group Unions combines this task with the functions of public affairs manager and secretary to Foxconn’s CEO.
The Hangzhou factory has a trade union, but the union shares offices with the company’s human resources department. Workers who feel wronged are asked by the union to deposit their complaint directly with the management. In short, SACOM found that workers do not fully enjoy the freedom to organise as stipulated by Chinese Trade Union Law.
"In the aftermath of the series of suicides, Foxconn attributes suicides to ‘the personal problems’ of victims and denies there is problem in its management methodology. Harsh management remains. How can workers communicate and bargain collectively with management in making sustainable improvements? Labour rights training should be provided to workers and the union should be reformed to be more democratic and accountable to workers", says Debby Chan of SACOM.
Student labour
SACOM found that in some case, the percentage of student workers amounts to 35-50% of the labour force. In June 2010, around 100'000 students from Henan province were deployed at the two of Foxconn’s production facilities in Shenzhen. Government regulations stipulate that when placing students as interns at companies their work should be in line with the school’s curriculum and learning targets, and that working hours should not exceed 8 hours a day.
The SACOM report describes how student interns at Foxconn are de facto deployed as ordinary production line workers. None of them can be exempted from overtime work. Moreover, placement is not voluntary – students are placed by their schools.
Health and safety
SACOM found evidence of lacking personal protective equipment and inadequate safety training. Workers explained the high turnover rate in their departments to be caused by unsafe and unhealthy working conditions. When workers resign, Foxconn does not arrange for health examinations. This is a breach of Article 32 of the Law on Prevention and Treatment of Occupational Diseases.
"The electronics industry should acknowledge that the problems at Foxconn do not stand alone; the Foxconn suicides represent a tip of an iceberg of labour issues that occur throughout the global electronics supply chain", says GoodElectronics coordinator Pauline Overeem.
Foxconn is producing in India, Czech Republic, Mexico, and other countries and is producing for all major consumers brands, as are Foxconn’s competitors. Brand companies and contract manufactures should take responsibility for labour rights abuses and take concerted action. This is the responsibility of the entire industry, and leading roles are expected of the industry associations EICC (Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalition) and GeSI (Global e-Sustainability Initiative. To ensure labour standards are respected, freedom of association and collective bargaining are key."
The EICC has set up a ‘multi-company task force’ after the suicides at the end of May. "It is time the EICC shows us what action they undertook, the situation is urgent and nothing seems to happen right now", says Irene Schipper, project coordinator of makeITfair.
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Source: Students & Scholars against Corporate Misbehaviour (SACOM) SACOM is a Hong Kong-based non-profit organisation, founded in June 2005.
Source: SACOM
Report Findings:
The overall conclusion of the SACOM report is that Foxconn’s labour practices are illegal and unethical. The purchasing practices of brand companies sourcing from Foxconn put direct pressure on workers. SACOM bases its conclusions on desk research and on interviews with 100 Foxconn workers at the Longhua and Guanlan plants in Shenzhen as well as the Foxconn plant in Hangzhou, undertaken between 22 May and 21 September 2010.
Wages
On 1 October, Foxconn declared to put through an increase of the basic wage of assembly line workers in Shenzhen to CNY 2,000 per month. Foxconn stated this would benefit about 85% of its workers. SACOM puts questions marks to this recent declaration. Until this day, Foxconn workers in Shenzhen have not received any formal notification about this development.
Details about the conditions under which workers can benefit from this pay rise, like seniority or type of contract have not been communicated. Moreover, SACOM found that over the past months workers have lost out on subsidies, allowances, and bonuses. Moreover, Foxconn has not spoken about a wage increase for other regions.
Working hours
After the spate of suicides, Foxconn set a limit to the monthly overtime work to 80 hours, still far higher than the legal maximum of 36 hours. Workers interviewed by SACOM mentioned that the newly introduced “overtime control” is resulting in cheating over overtime records, meaning that overtime does take place, but it is not recorded or paid as such.
Foxconn production workers are made to attend morning assemblies, end-of-work-shift assemblies and weekly meetings during which the management lectures them about production quota, work targets and discipline. Workers do not get paid for the time spent in these compulsory meetings that may take one hour a day in total. Time spent in training is not fully paid either. As a result, workers do not earn more than before the June 2010 wage increase.
Management system
SACOM describes how a culture of absolute obedience is imposed on workers from the first day of their recruitment. Workers are punished for all kinds of ‘misconduct’, including not meeting their daily production quota, making mistakes or taking too much time for a bathroom visit.
Disciplinary actions include taking away bonus points, making workers publicly confess their mistakes and scolding and humiliating them in front of gathered colleague workers, making workers copy quotations of CEO Terry Gou, etc.
Foxconn security guards were found to regularly assault workers verbally and physically. Management control extends beyond the workplace to the dormitory; there are strict rules regulating workers’ private life, bordering on the ridiculous. Using a hair dryer, for example, is not permitted. Workers who are found to disobey are made to write confession letters.
Relocation plans
Currently, Foxconn has a huge workforce of over 900'000 workers in China, of whom at least 420'000 in Shenzhen alone. In the aftermath of the suicide drama, Foxconn announced that it would speed up relocating its production to central, western, and northern China, where labour is abundant and official minimum wages are lower than in the coastal areas.
Workers have not been informed about the details of these relocation schemes. Clear is, however, that workers have no choice, they can either move along, or accept dismissal. A serious implication of this move is that the announced wage increase for the Longhua workers in Shenzhen will become irrelevant.
"This is the result of permanent pressure from buyers on their suppliers to produce cheaper" says Chantal Peyer, from the Swiss NGO Bread for All. "A brand like Apple has a very high profit margin on hardware: more than 40%. But it asks suppliers, which have a much lower profit margin of about 4%, to lower production costs. As a result, labour costs are squeezed and workers never get living wages."
Trade unions
In the Longhua production facility, a trade union exists, but according to the interviewed workers it totally lacks credibility. The trade union committee is not democratically elected. The chairperson of the Federation of Foxconn Technology Group Unions combines this task with the functions of public affairs manager and secretary to Foxconn’s CEO.
The Hangzhou factory has a trade union, but the union shares offices with the company’s human resources department. Workers who feel wronged are asked by the union to deposit their complaint directly with the management. In short, SACOM found that workers do not fully enjoy the freedom to organise as stipulated by Chinese Trade Union Law.
"In the aftermath of the series of suicides, Foxconn attributes suicides to ‘the personal problems’ of victims and denies there is problem in its management methodology. Harsh management remains. How can workers communicate and bargain collectively with management in making sustainable improvements? Labour rights training should be provided to workers and the union should be reformed to be more democratic and accountable to workers", says Debby Chan of SACOM.
Student labour
SACOM found that in some case, the percentage of student workers amounts to 35-50% of the labour force. In June 2010, around 100'000 students from Henan province were deployed at the two of Foxconn’s production facilities in Shenzhen. Government regulations stipulate that when placing students as interns at companies their work should be in line with the school’s curriculum and learning targets, and that working hours should not exceed 8 hours a day.
The SACOM report describes how student interns at Foxconn are de facto deployed as ordinary production line workers. None of them can be exempted from overtime work. Moreover, placement is not voluntary – students are placed by their schools.
Health and safety
SACOM found evidence of lacking personal protective equipment and inadequate safety training. Workers explained the high turnover rate in their departments to be caused by unsafe and unhealthy working conditions. When workers resign, Foxconn does not arrange for health examinations. This is a breach of Article 32 of the Law on Prevention and Treatment of Occupational Diseases.
"The electronics industry should acknowledge that the problems at Foxconn do not stand alone; the Foxconn suicides represent a tip of an iceberg of labour issues that occur throughout the global electronics supply chain", says GoodElectronics coordinator Pauline Overeem.
Foxconn is producing in India, Czech Republic, Mexico, and other countries and is producing for all major consumers brands, as are Foxconn’s competitors. Brand companies and contract manufactures should take responsibility for labour rights abuses and take concerted action. This is the responsibility of the entire industry, and leading roles are expected of the industry associations EICC (Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalition) and GeSI (Global e-Sustainability Initiative. To ensure labour standards are respected, freedom of association and collective bargaining are key."
The EICC has set up a ‘multi-company task force’ after the suicides at the end of May. "It is time the EICC shows us what action they undertook, the situation is urgent and nothing seems to happen right now", says Irene Schipper, project coordinator of makeITfair.
-----
Source: Students & Scholars against Corporate Misbehaviour (SACOM) SACOM is a Hong Kong-based non-profit organisation, founded in June 2005.
